Texto completo de la demanda interpuesta por Bolivia ante la CIJ contra Chile
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Application Instituting Proceedings before the International Court of Justice
To the Registrar, International Court of Justice
We, the undersigned, being duly authorized by the Government of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, have the honour to submit to the International Court of Justice, in accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 (1) of the Statute of the Court and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, an application instituting proceedings against the Republic of Chile.
I. The Dispute
- The present application concerns the dispute between the Plurinational State of Bolivia (“Bolivia”) and the Republic of Chile (“Chile”) relating to Chile’s obligation to negotiate in good faith and effectively with Bolivia in order to reach an agreement granting Bolivia a fully sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean.
- The subject of the dispute lies in: a) the existence of that obligation, b) the noncompliance with that obligation by Chile, and c) Chile’s duty to comply with the said obligation.
- At present, contrary to the position that it had itself adopted, Chile rejects and denies the existence of any obligation between the parties concerning the subject of the present application[1].
- Bolivia asserts that Chile’s denial of the obligation to enter into negotiations regarding Bolivia’s folly sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean evidences a fundamental difference in points of view. It closes any possibility of negotiating a solution to this difference, and constitutes a legal dispute between the parties, which Bolivia hereby has the honour to submit to the Court.
II. The Jurisdiction of the Court and Admissibility of the Present Application
- The jurisdiction of the Court in this case is based on Article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (Pact of Bogota) of 30 April 1948, which reads as follows:“In conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, the High Contracting Parties declare that they recognize, in relation to any other American State, the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsory ipso facto, without the necessity of any special agreement so long as the present Treaty is in force, in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning: a) The interpretation of a treaty; b) Any question of international law; c) The existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation; d) The nature or extent of the reparation to be made for the breach of an international obligation”.
- Both Bolivia’and Chile-are parties to the PaGt of Bogota. Bolivia ratified it on 9 June 2011[2] and Chile on 21 August 1967[3]. No pertinent reservation made by either party is in force at the present date.
- The two states, Bolivia and Chile, are ipso iure parties to the Statute of the Court by virtue of their membership of the United Nations Organization. The conditions laid down in the Statute and Rules of Court concerning admissibility of the present application are satisfied.
III.Statement of Facts
- In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, which requires the party making the application to provide a succinct statement of the facts, the main relevant facts on which this claim is based are as follows.
- On 6 August 1825, Bolivia achieved independence as a state with an access to the Pacific Ocean, with a coastline of more than four hundred kilometres long and a coastal territory of more than one hundred and twenty thousand square kilometres, which bordered Peru to the north and Chile to the south beyond parallel 25°.
- The Treaty of 10 August 1866 delimited the boundary between Bolivia and Chile at parallel 24°, and this boundary was confirmed by the Treaty of 6 August 1874. Thus, Chile formally and legally recognized Bolivia’s sovereignty over the coasts of the Pacific Ocean.
- On 14 February 1879, Chile invaded and militarily occupied the Bolivian port of Antofagasta, which led to the so-called “War of the Pacific” and deprived Bolivia of its access to the sea. Bolivia’s economic and social development has suffered for more than a century as a result of its confinement.
- Bolivia signed a Truce Pact on 4 April 1884[4], accepting under pressure the continuing military occupation of its Department of Litoral by Chile.
- Chile admitted to the overriding need to grant Bolivia a fully sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean. In this sense, on 18 May 1895, Bolivia and Chile signed various treaties in Santiago with the aim of finally resolving the pending issues between the two states. One of them, particularly important in this regard, was the Special Treaty on the Transfer of Territories[5].
- While the Bolivian Department of Litoral was under military occupation on 20 October 19045 Bolivia signed the “Treaty of Peace and Friendship” with Chile. By this treaty, Chile imposed its rale over the occupied Bolivian territories[6]. This treaty did not cancel previous Chilean declarations and commitments concerning Bolivia’s sovereign access to the sea.
- Six years after the Treaty of 1904 had been signed, faced with the uncertainty of the territorial situation of the Peruvian provinces of Tacna and Arica and aiming at finding an access to the sea for Bolivia through these territories, Bolivia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs put a proposal to Chile and Peru, which was also made known to the other countries of the continent[7]. This proposal reaffirmed the expectations which had been created by Chile and which had survived the signing of the treaty of 1904. Chile reaffirmed its position in a Protocol signed with Bolivia on 10 January 1920 .
- On the basis of these and other commitments, Bolivia and Chile entered into negotiations regarding an agreement that is contained in the notes exchanged on 1 and 20 June 1950.
- The Bolivian note of 1 June 1950, invoking the different declarations and commitments formulated by Chile, proposed:“for the Governments of Bolivia and Chile to formally enter into a direct negotiation to satisfy Bolivia’s fundamental need for obtaining an own and sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, thus resolving the problem of Bolivia’s confinement, on the basis of mutual conveniences and the true interests of both countries”[8],
- The Chilean note in response, dated 20 June 1950, states that: “(…) my Government (…)it is willing to formally enter into a direct negotiation aiming at finding the formula which would make it possible to grant Bolivia an own and sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean and for Chile to obtain compensations that are not of a territorial nature and that effectively take into account its interests”[9].
- The content of this agreement was reaffirmed through a Memorandum which the Chilean Embassy forwarded to the Bolivian Ministry of Foreign Affairs on 10 July 1961u.
- On 8 February 1975, the Presidents of Bolivia and Chile signed the Joint Declaration of Charana, in the fourth point of which they agreed to continue with the dialogue, within a spirit of mutual understanding and a constructive mindset, in order to find formulas to solve the vital issues which both countries faced, such as the one relating to the confinement affecting Bolivia[10].
- In the course of the Charana negotiations, through a note of 19 December 1975, Chile once more declared itself to be “Chile would be prepared to negotiate with Bolivia the cession of a strip of land north of Arica up to the Linea de la Concordia”[11].
- When the dialogue between the parties was re-established in 1986, Bolivia proposed various solutions for its maritime confinement. Nevertheless, and in an untimely manner, on 9 June 1987, Chile rejected Bolivia’s proposals for granting an appropriate and sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, contravening its own prior declarations and commitments.
- Finally, it is important to mention that the General Assembly of the Organization of American States adopted Resolution 426 during its 9th period of sessions in 1979, in which, underscoring the. continuing hemispheric interest in finding an equitable solution whereby Bolivia will obtain appropriate sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, it resolved:“To recommend to the states most directly concerned with this problem that they open negotiations for the purpose of providing Bolivia with a free and sovereign territorial connection with the Pacific Ocean”[12].
- The general hemispheric will expressed in Resolution 426 of 1979 was confirmed in another ten subsequent Resolutions during the following decade[13] whereby it was determined that Bolivia’s maritime problem would be kept permanently on the agenda of the General Assembly of the Organization of American States until being solved. In particular, the Resolution 686 of 1983 urges to Bolivia and Chile, especially to find “a formula for giving Bolivia a sovereign outlet to the Pacific Ocean, on bases that take into account mutual conveniences and the rights and interest of all parties involved”[14].
- Faced with Bolivia’s claims in international forums, on 22 February 2000, the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia and Chile issued a joint communique, the second point of which referred to their agreement to put together a work agenda including, without any exclusion, the essential matters of the bilateral relationship. The Presidents of both countries confirmed this position on 1 September 2000.
- In July 2006, the Governments of Evo Morales and Michelle Bachelet, Presidents of Bolivia and Chile, respectively, agreed on the “Agenda of the 13 Points”, which included the “Maritime Issue” in point VI[15]. On the occasion of the 22nd meeting of the Bolivia- Chile Bilateral Mechanism for Political Consultations (from 12 to 14 July 2010) both States agreed that the bilateral dialogue had to give rise to concrete, appropriate and feasible solutions on point VI of the Bilateral Agenda referred to the “Maritime Issue”[16] in the next and subsequent meetings. For that purpose, a meeting was planned to take place in November 2010, but when the said date arrived Chile unilaterally suspended the meeting. The negotiations were never resumed.
- In February 2011, the President of Bolivia publicly asked the Government of Chile to draft a written and concrete proposal to carry forward the process for solving Bolivia’s confinement[17]. Far from responding to this invitation, Chile stated that “Bolivia lacks any legal basis to access the Pacific Ocean through territories appertaining to Chile”[18].
- Later, at the 66th session of the United Nations General Assembly on 21 September 2011, the President of Bolivia stated that the channels for a bilateral negotiation with Chile to find a solution for the Bolivia maritime issue remain open. The response received from the President of Chile was that there are no pending issues between the two countries[19].
- Further, at the 67th session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2012, the President of Bolivia once more requested that the Government of Chile “finally solve its maritime confinement, using peaceful dispute solving mechanisms”[20]. This request was rejected categorically by the Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs, who pointed out that “there is no dispute between Chile and Bolivia”[21], that there are no pending issues between the two States and that “Bolivia lacks any right to claim a sovereign access to the sea”[22].
- In these circumstances, it is clear that Chile has no intention of truly going forward in the formal negotiation regarding the agreement to perform its obligation of effectively ensuring a folly sovereign access to the sea for Bolivia. Therefore, being a peaceful State, Bolivia has decided to solve the present dispute with Chile by means of peaceful settlement mechanisms provided for in international law. Bolivia therefore submits the present dispute to the International Court of Justice.
IV. The Legal Grounds on which the Claim is Based
- The facts provided above (Section III) show that, beyond its general obligations under international law, Chile has committed itself, more specifically through agreements, diplomatic practice and a series of declarations attributable to its highest-level representatives, to negotiate a sovereign access to the sea for Bolivia. Chile has not complied with this obligation and, what is more, at the present date Chile denies the very existence of its obligation.
V. Submissions
- For the above reasons Bolivia respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
a) Chile has the obligation to negotiate with Bolivia in order to reach an agreement granting Bolivia a folly sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean.
b) Chile has breached the said obligation.
c) Chile must perform the said obligation in good faith, promptly, formally, within a reasonable time and effectively, to grant Bolivia a fully sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean.
- Bolivia reserves the right to supplement, modify and amplify the present application in the course of the proceedings.
- Without prejudice to the jurisdiction of this Court in the present case, Bolivia reserves the right to request that an arbitral tribunal be established in accordance with the obligation under Article XII of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship concluded with Chile on 20 October 1904 and the Protocol of 16 April 1907, in the case of any claims arising out of the said Treaty.
VI. Judge ad hoc
- For the purposes of Article 31 (3) of the Statute of the Court and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of Court, Bolivia declares its intention of exercising the right to designate a Judge ad hoc.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 40 of the Rules of Court, the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia has appointed the undersigned Ambassador Eduardo Rodriguez Veltze as Agent for these proceedings.It is requested that all communications relating to this case be sent to the Embassy of the Plurinational State of Bolivia in the Netherlands, Nassaulaan 5, 2514 JS The Hague, the Netherlands.
Respectfully submitted,
CERTIFICATION
The undersigned Agent of the Plurinational State of Bolivia certifies that the documents contained in this file, and hereunder listed, are true and accurate copies of the original of the documents annexed to the Application by the Plurinational State of Bolivia instituting proceedings against the Republic of Chile concerning The Sovereign Access of Bolivia to the Sea. The documents contained in this file are the following:
LIST OF ANNEXES TO THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA’S APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS AGAINST THE REPUBLIC OF
CHILE
Annex No,
- Note of Chile 745/183, November 8th 2011.
- Declaration by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile, 26 September 2012, as quoted in: La Tercera, Canciller Moreno y emplazarniento de Evo Morales: “Entre Chile y Bolivia no hay controversia, sino que hay tratados”, 26 September 2012.
- Plurinational State of Bolivia, Instrument of Ratification of the “Pact of Bogota”, 14 April 2011, and, Instrument of Withdrawal of Reservation to the “Pact of Bogota”, 10 April 2013
- Chilean Decree N° 526 of August 21st 1967, published in the Official Journal N° 26837 of September 6th 1967.
- Truce Pact between Bolivia and Chile, April 4th 1884.
- Agreement on Transfer of Territory between Bolivia and Chile, May 18 th 1895.
- Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Bolivia and Chile, October 20th 1904.
- Memorandum of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia, Daniel Sanchez Bustamante, April 22nd 1910.
- Protocol (“Acta Protocolizada”) subscribed between the Foreign Affairs Minister of Bolivia, Carlos Gutierrez, and the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the Republic of Chile, Emilio Bello Codesido, January 10th 1920.
- Note of Bolivia, June 1st 1950.
- Note of Chile, June 20th 1950.
- Memorandum of Chile, July 10th 1961.
- Joint Declaration of Charana (Acta de Charana) between Bolivia and Chile, February 8th 1975.
- Note of Chile, December 19th 1975.
- Minutes of the II meeting of the Work Group on Bilateral Affairs Bolivia – Chile, July 17* 2006.
- Minutes of the XXII Political Enquiry Mechanism meeting, between Bolivia and Chile, July 14th 2010.
- Declaration of the President of Bolivia, Evo Morales Ayma, 17 February 2011, as quoted in: Los Tiempos, Evo pide a Chile entregar propuesta maritima hasta el 23 de marzo para debatirla, 17 defehrero de 2011
PROCEEDING INSTITUTED BY PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA AGAINST THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE
The Sovereign Access of Bolivia to the Sea
(PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA v. THE REPUBLIC OF CHILE)
ANNEXES
THE HAGUE, 24 APRIL 2013
Government of CHILE
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS General Consulate of Chile La Paz – Bolivia
No. 745/183
[...]
None of the background information mentioned in the letter of 8 July 2011 supports the inference of any recognition of an obligation to negotiate sovereign access to the sea, or of an alleged right to sovereign access to the sea, as the Plurinational State of Bolivia seems to suggesting.
. [-.]
La Paz, 8 November 2011.
(Seal)
Consulate General of Chile – La Paz To the Honourable
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Plurinational State of Bolivia
Minister of Foreign Affairs Moreno responds to the statement made by Evo Morales: “There is no dispute between Bolivia and Chile, but there are treaties”.
[••■]
La Tercera- 26/09/2012 -22:29 [■•■]
In New York, the Minister of Foreign Affairs told La Tercera that “there is no dispute between Bolivia and Chile, but there are treaties”
EVO MORALES AYMA
CONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENT OF THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA
[...]
THEREFORE:
In exercise of the powers conferred upon me by Article 172 subparagraph 5 of the Political Constitution of the Plurinational State of Bolivia I issue this Instrument of Withdrawal of the Reservation to the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement – “Pact de Bogota”, done on April 30th 1948 in the city of Bogota and ratified by the Plurinational State of Bolivia by Law No 103 of April 5th 2011.
[••■]
Done at the Government Palace of the city of La Paz, on the third day of April two thousand and thirteen.
(Signed)
COUNTERSIGNED BY:
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Signed)
EVO MORALES AYMA CONSTITUTIONAL PRESIDENT OF THE PLURINATIONAL STATE OF BOLIVIA
[..'•]
THEREFORE:
In exercise of the powers conferred upon me by the State Political Constitution, according to article 172 subparagraph 5,1 issue the this Instrument of Ratification of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement “Pact de Bogota”.
[...]
Done at the Government Palace of the city of La Paz, on April the fourteenth, two thousand eleven………
(Signed)
COUNTERSIGNED BY:
Minister of Foreign Affairs (Signed)
Library of the National Congress of Chile – Chilean Legislation
| Type of Rule |
Decree 526 |
| Date of Publication |
6 September 1967 |
| Date of Enactment |
21 August 1967 |
| Institution |
MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS |
| Title |
AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT |
| Version |
Sole version dated: 6 September 1967 |
| Entry into Force |
6 September 1967 |
| International Entry into Force |
6 September 1967 |
| Type of Treaty |
Multilateral |
| Identity Number |
400563 |
| URL |
http://www.leychile.cl/N?i=400563&f=1967-09-06&p= |
AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT
Santiago, 21 August 1967.- Today the following decree has been issued: No. 526
EDUARDO FREIMONTALVA President of the Republic of Chile
[...]
“Sole article: The American Treaty on Pacific Settlement, also called the Pact of Bogota, done in this capital city on 30 April 1948, is hereby approved. This Treaty will be ratified by Chile with the following reservation:
[...]
Done in my Office and countersigned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in the city of Santiago de Chile on 21 August nineteen hundred and sixty-seven.
EDUARDO FREI MONTALVA.- Gabriel Valdes S.
TRUCE PACT
Valparaiso, 4 April 1884
TRUCE PACT BETWEEN BOLIVIA AND CHILE
[...]
2nd – During the term of this Truce, the Republic of Chile will continue to rule, subject to the political and administrative regime provided for in Chilean law, the territories that lie between parallel twenty-three and the mouth of the Loa river in the Pacific, whereby the eastern boundary of the aforementioned territories is a straight line that starts from Sapalegui, from the-intersection with the demarcation that separates them from,-Ae Republic of Argentina, up to the Llicancaur volcano. From this point, a straight line will be followed to the summit of the Cabana inactive volcano: from here, another straight line will continue up to the spring located further south at lake Ascotan; and from here another straight line that, crossing the aforementioned lake, ends at the Ollagua volcano. From this point, another straight line to the Tua volcano, continuing after the existing division between the department of Tarapaca and Bolivia.
[...]
In witness whereof, the Plenipotentiaries of Bolivia and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile, submitting evidence of their respective powers, hereby cause this truce pact to be signed in duplicate, in Valparaiso, on the fourth day of April eighteen hundred and eighty-four.
{Signed) Belisario Salinas {Signed) Belisario Boeto
{Signed) A. Vergara Albano
AGREEMENT ON THE TRANSFER OF TERRITORY
[BETWEEN THE REPUBLICS OF BOLIVIA AND CHILE]
Santiago, 18 May 1895 [ ]
The Republic of Chile and the Republic of Bolivia, with the purpose of strengthening increasingly closer ties of friendship to unite the two countries, and the agreement that a superior need and the future development and commercial prosperity of Bolivia requires its free and natural access to the sea, have decided to enter into a special Treaty on the transfer of territory for which purpose they have named and appointed their Plenipotentiaries, as follows:
[•••]
I.
If, as a consequence of the plebiscite to be held in conformity with the Treaty of Ancon or by virtue of direct arrangements, the Republic of Chile should acquire permanent dominion and sovereignty over the territories of Tacna and Arica, it undertakes to transfer them to the Republic of Bolivia, in the same form and size in which it has acquired them, without prejudice to the provisions contained in article IL
As compensation for this transfer of territory, the Republic of Bolivia shall pay the amount of five million silver pesos of twenty-five grams in weight and nine-tenths purity. In order to make this payment, forty percent of the income of the customs office in Arica will be allocated.
II.
If the cession contemplated in the previous article takes effect, it is understood that the Republic of Chile would move its northern boundary from Camarones to the Quebrada de Vitor, from the sea up to the boundary currently separating that region from the Republic of Bolivia.
[...]
IV
Should the Republic of Chile fail to obtain definitive sovereignty over the area in which the cities of Tacna and Arica are located, either by plebiscite or through direct arrangements, it undertakes to transfer to Bolivia the area from the Caleta de Vftor up to the Quebrada de
Camarones or any other similar area, as well as the amount of five million silver pesos of twenty five grams of weight and nine-tenths pure.
(Signed) Luis Barros Borgono (Signed) H. Gutierrez
TREATY OF PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP ENTERED INTO BY THE GOVERNMENT OF BOLIVIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF CHILE ON 20
OCTOBER 1904
[•••]
ARTICLE II
The present Treaty recognizes the absolute and perpetual dominion of Chile over the territories it has occupied by virtue of article 2 of the Truce Pact of 4 April 1884.
(Signed) A. Gutierrez
[...]
(Signed) Emilio Bello C.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
MEMORANDUM
The Government of Bolivia cannot pass by the present circumstances without acknowledging the willingness of Chile and Peru to welcome steps aimed at solving the conflict relating to Tacna and Arica.
[...]
Chile and Peru, in accordance with the opinion of many of their distinguished men in public positions should no longer be neighbouring countries, establishing the territorial sovereignty of Bolivia in an intermediate zone on the Pacific coast. It is not necessary to demonstrate the importance of this significant fact for the politics and stability of the Hispanic-American nations……………
Bolivia cannot live isolated from the sea; today and always, it will do its utmost, to the best of its ability, to come to possess at least one convenient port on the Pacific; and it shall never succumb to inaction whenever this matter of Tacna and Arica causes concern, which compromises the very foundations of its existence.
[...]
La Paz, 22 April 1910.
PROTOCOL (“ACTA PROTOCOLIZADA”)
10 Januaty 1920.
Assembled in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Bolivia, Mr Carlos Gutierrez, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Mr Emilio Bello Codesido, Special Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister of the Republic of Chile, encouraged by the desire to render the existing ties of friendship between their respective countries more solid and enduring by means of new agreements which foster the further development of their political and commercial relations, referring to the harmony of their interests and reciprocal aspirations, have agreed to initiate these meetings in order to exchange general ideas on how to fulfil these high purposes.
The Minister of Chile stated that, as he had mentioned already to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia in accordance with the welcome and honourable mission entrusted to him before this Government, the Government of Chile has the greatest desire to promote a policy of genuine and close relations with Bolivia; to this effect, he reproduces the bases which in general terms were submitted to the Honourable Dario Gutierrez last September, with the aim of reaching an agreement pursuant to which Bolivia could satisfy its aspiration of obtaining its own access to the Pacific, independently from the final situation established by the dispositions of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 20 October 1904.
[...]
IV- The situation created by the Treaty of 1904, the interests located in this area and the security of its northern boundary, impose on Chile the need to preserve the coastline which is indispensable for the country; but with the purpose of building, on solid foundations, the future union of both countries, Chile is willing to ensure that Bolivia acquires its own access to the sea, by ceding an important part of that area north of Arica and of the railway line that is located in the territories that are the object of the plebiscite provided for in the Treaty of Ancon.
[...]
(Signed) Carlos Gutierrez (Signed) Emilio Bello C.
COPY
EMBASSY OF BOLIVIA Santiago, 1 June 1950.
No. 529/21.
His Excellency Mr Horacio Walker Larraln Minister of Foreign Affairs
Dear Minister,
On several occasions and specifically in the Treaty of 18 May 1895, and’ in the Protocol (“Acta Protocolizada”) of 10 January 1920, entered into with Bolivia, although not ratified by the respective Legislative Powers, the Republic of Chile has accepted the transfer to my country of our own access to the Pacific Ocean.
With this important background information in mind, which clearly shows the direction of the Republic of Chile’s international policy, I have the honour to propose to Your Excellency that the governments of Bolivia and Chile formally enter into a direct negotiation in order to satisfy Bolivia’s fundamental need to obtain its own and sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean, thus resolving the problem of Bolivia’s confinement, on the basis of mutual benefits and the true interests of both countries.
[...]
(Signed) Alberto Ostria Gutierrez
ANNEX 11 [Translation from the Spanish language]
REPUBLIC OF CHILE Ministry of Foreign Affairs
DIPLOMACY DEPARTMENT
No. 9
CONFIDENTIAL Santiago, 20 June 1950.-
His Excellency
Mister Alberto Ostria Gutierrez Ambassador of Bolivia
Dear Ambassador,
[•••]
From the quotes contained in the note I am replying to, it is understood that the Government of Chile, while safeguarding the legal situation established in the Treaty of Peace of 1904, has been willing to consider, in direct negotiations with Bolivia, the possibility of satisfying the aspirations of Your Excellency’s Government and the interests of Chile.
On this occasion, I have the honour of informing Your Excellency that my Government will be consistent in that position and, within a spirit of fraternal friendship towards Bolivia, it is willing to formally enter into a direct negotiation aiming at finding the formula which would make it possible to grant Bolivia an own and sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean and for Chile to obtain compensations that are not of a territorial nature and that effectively take into account its interests.
[•••] .
(Signed) Horacio Walker Larram
Embassy of Chile
MEMORANDUM
[•••]
- - Note No. 9 of our Ministry of Foreign Affairs, dated 20 June 1950 in Santiago, is a clear testimony of those purposes. Through this note, Chile states that it is “it is willing to formally enter into a direct negotiation aiming at finding the formula which would make it possible to grant Bolivia an own and sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean and for Chile to obtain compensations that are not of a territorial nature and that effectively take into account its interests.”
La Paz, 10 July 1961
JOINT DECLARATION
[...]
4) Both Presidents, within a spirit of mutual understanding and a constructive mindset, have resolved to continue with the dialogue on different levels to find formulas for solving the vital issues which both countries face, such as the one relating to the confinement affecting Bolivia, on the basis of reciprocal benefits and considering the aspirations of the Bolivian and Chilean people.
[...]
Charana, 8 February 1975.
Signed: GENERAL HUGO BANZER SUAREZ
Signed: GENERAL AUGUSTO PINOCHET UGARTE
REPUBLIC OF CHILE MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
No. 686
Santiago, 19 December 1975.
HIS EXCELLENCY
GUILLERMO GUTIERREZ VEA MURGUIA
AMBASSADOR EXTRAORDINARY AND PLENIPOTENTIARY OF BOLIVIA DEAR AMBASSADOR,
[...]
b) Chile would be prepared to negotiate with Bolivia the cession of a strip of land north of Arica up to the Linea de la Concordia
(Signed) PATRICIO CARVAJAL PRADO Minister of Foreign Affairs
ANNEX 15 [Translation from the Spanish language]
REPUBLIC OF BOLIVIA MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS
MINUTES OF THE 2nd MEETING OF THE WORKING GROUP ON BILATERAL AFFAIRS BOLIVIA – CHILE
As agreed by both Governments, the Working Group on Bilateral Affairs Bolivia – Chile met in the city of La Paz, Republic of Bolivia, on 17 July 2006, with the purpose of continuing the work on a broad common agenda, without exceptions.
[...]
VI. MARITIME ISSUE
Both Delegations briefly relayed the conversations they had conducted in that regard in the
…. past few days and agreed to leave this issue for consideration by the Vice Ministers in the
meeting they will have on the 18th of this month.
[•••]
(Signed) FOR CHILE
Done in the city of La Paz, on July 17th, 2006.
(Signed) FOR BOLIVIA
ANNEX 16
[Translation from the Spanish language]
MINUTES OF THE 22nd MEETING OF THE BOLIVIA – CHILE MECHANISM
FOR POLITICAL CONSULTATIONS
In the city of La Paz, from 12 to 14 My 2010, the 22nd Meeting of the Bolivia – Chile Mechanism for Political Consultations was held, with the purpose of conducting an analysis and monitoring the progress as regards the thirteen items on the broad common agenda set by both countries, without exceptions.
- Maritime Issue
The Vice Ministers of Foreign Affairs underlined the importance of the bilateral dialogue as a mechanism of understanding between the governments of Bolivia and Chile.
They reaffirmed that the process reflects a Policy agreed between both governments and, considering the high levels of mutual trust achieved in the present meeting, they confirmed that they would maintain this climate so it would encourage the bilateral dialogue in order to address the broad topic of Point VI of the Agenda of the 13 Points in that context, and thus to propose how to reach concrete, feasible and useful solutions during the next and successive meetings of the Mechanism for Political Consultations, that benefit the understanding and harmony of both countries.
[...]
FOR CHILE
At the close of the present meeting, the delegations congratulated one another on the work carried out, the coordination accomplished and the planning of both teams, as well as on the high level of organization, whereby they agreed to hold their next meeting in November 2010, in the city of Arica.
FOR BOLIVIA
(Signed)
Ambassador Monica Soriano Lopez Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
(Signed)
Ambassador Fernando Schmidt Ariztia Sub Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Los Tiempos.com 17/02/2011
Evo asks Chile to submit a maritime proposal by 23 March for discussion
INSISTENCE THAT PINERA’S GOVERNMENT WORK IN A COMPLEMENTARY MANNER
LA PAZ |
Morales said at a press conference that “it is time we have concrete proposals to discuss”, now that both countries have been able to build mutual trust and lay the foundations for a dialogue about the Bolivian claim of access to the sea; for the first time, he set a deadline.
“How good it would be to have a concrete proposal by 23 March. I take this opportunity to -respectfully ask this of the President, the Government, the Chilean people, and by 23 March, I will be awaiting a concrete proposal as a basis for a discussion (…) This would be of enormous satisfaction for the Bolivian people”, he added.
[...]
By: Efe Agency
[1] See for example: Note 745/183 of Chile, 8 November 2011. Annex 1, Declaration by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile, 26 September 2012, as quoted in: La Tercera, Canciller Moreno y emplazamiento de Evo Morales: “Entre Chile y Bolivia no hay controversia, sino que hay tratados”, 26 September 2012, available at: http://www.latercera.com/noticia/politica/2012/09/674-485312-9-canciller-moreno-v-emplazamiento-de-evo- morales-entre-chile-v-bolivia-no-hav.shtml Annex 2; and Speech by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Chile, Mr. Alfredo Moreno Charme, during the 15th plenary meeting of the Sixty-seventh period of sessions of the UN General Assembly (28 September 2012), Doc. UN A/67/PV.15, available at: http://www.minrel.qob.cl/prontus minrel/site/artic/20120928/paas/20120928164005.php
[4] Truce Pact between the Republics of Bolivia and Chile, 4 April 1884. Annex 5.
[5] Agreement on the Transfer of Territories between the Republics of Bolivia and Chile, 18 May 1895. In the preamble to this Treaty, it is stated that: “a superior need and the future development and commercial prosperity of Bolivia require its free and natural access to the sea”; the Treaty therefore provided (Bases I and II) that if through a plebiscite or direct arrangements, Chile were to acquire control and permanent sovereignty over the territories of Tacna and Arica, it undertakes to transfer them to the Republic of Bolivia, except for the area from the Quebrada de Camarones to the Quebrada de Vttor which would remain under Chilean control The Treaty also indicated (Base IV) that if Chile were unable to gain such sovereignty “it undertakes to transfer the Caleta de Vftor up to the Quebrada de Camarones or any other similar area to Bolivia”. Annex 6.
[6] Treaty of Peace and Friendship entered into by Bolivia and Chile, 20 October 1904. Annex 7.
[7] Memorandum of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bolivia, Daniel Sanchez Bustamante, forwarded to the Republics of Chile and Peru, 22 April 1910. Annex 8.
[8] Note of Bolivia, 1 June 1950. Annex 10.
[9] Note of Chile, 20 June 1950. Annex 11.
[10] Joint Declaration of Charana between Bolivia and Chile, 8 February 1975. Annex 13.
[11] Note of Chile, 19 December 1975. Annex 14.
[13] OAS Resolutions: AG/RES 481 of 27/11/1980; AG/RES 560 of 10/12/1981; AG/RES 602 of 20/11/1982; AG/RES 686 of 18/11/1983; AG/RES 701 of 17/11/1984; AG/RES 766 of 9/12/1985; AG/RES 816 of 15/11 /1986; AG/RES 873 of 14/11 /1987; AG/RES 930 of 19/11 /1988; AG/RES 989 of 18/11 /1989.
[15] Minutes of the 2nd Meeting of the Working Group on Bilateral Affairs Bolivia – Chile, Agenda of the 13 Points*
17 July 2006. Annex 1 i.
[17] Declaration of the President of Bolivia, Evo Morales Ayma, 17 February 2011, as quoted in: Los Tiempos,
Evo pide a Chile entregar pmpuesta marttima hasta el 23 de marzo para debatiria, 17 de febrero de 2011, available at:http://www Jostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20110217/evo-pide-a-chile-entreqar-
propuesta-maritima-hasta-ei-23-de-marzo-para 113493 224396.html Annex 17.
……. Declaration by the Ministry of…………………. Foreign.. Affairs of Chile, 12 July 2011, available at
[19] Speech by the President of Chile, Mr. Sebastian Pinera Echenique, on the occasion of the 15th plenary meeting of the Sixty-sixth period of sessions of the UN General Assembly (22 September 2011), Doc. UN A/66/PV.15, available at: http://qadebate.un.org/66/chiie
[20] Speech by the President of the Plurinational State of Bolivia, Mr. Evo Morales Ayma, during the 11th plenary meeting of the Sixty-Seventh period of sessions of the UN General Assembly (26 September 2012), Doc. UN A/67/PV.11, available at: http://documents-dds-
Rusia y Japón impulsarán las negociaciones para firmar un tratado de paz, el gran tema pendiente desde el fin de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Ese ha sido el resultado de la visita realizada a Moscú por el primer ministro nipón Shinzo Abe, quien se ha entrevistado este lunes con el presidente Vladímir Putin en el Kremlin. Abe, el primer jefe de gabinete de su país que visita oficialmente Rusia desde 2003, ha llegado a Moscú acompañado de una cincuentena de altos ejecutivos de las grandes empresas japonesas.
“¡Nunca más!”, gritamos con gran convicción cuando llega el momento. Al terminar la II Guerra Mundial. Después del horror de Ruanda. Tras la guerra de Bosnia. Sin embargo, siempre vuelve a ocurrir. Una y otra vez. De acuerdo con los últimos cálculos, en Siria han muerto ya casi 70.000 personas, en una guerra civil que es además una guerra subsidiaria, un enfrentamiento entre terceros; y más de cuatro millones de sirios necesitan ayuda humanitaria urgente, con unos dos millones de desplazados en el interior y 1,5 millones de refugiados que han huido más allá de sus fronteras. Unicef asegura que entre los desplazados y necesitados se incluyen casi tres millones de niños. Es ya, sin la menor duda, una de las mayores tragedias humanas de los últimos tiempos. Y, si no logramos ponerle fin, esas cifras aumentarán a toda velocidad. Pronto nos encontraremos con una Somalia en el Mediterráneo.
La 
Pidió a la Corte Internacional de Justicia que declare que Chile tiene la obligación de negociar de buena fe una salida al océano Pacifico
Tras su victoria, Cartes dijo que está decidido a que su país vuelva al bloque
